Between 1888 and 1895, Catherine Impey (1847–1923) of Street, Somerset, wrote and published what is credited as being Britain’s first anti-racist periodical. Anti-Caste, as it was called, is one of the most remarkable serials in our collection: the Library holds the only complete set known to have survived in this country. It includes reports on visits to Britain by prominent African American campaigners such as Ida B. Wells and Frederick Douglass, and anti-lynching campaigns in the southern states of America, as well as looking at issues of racism within the British Empire.

Catherine Impey edited the newsletter with her sister, Ellen, and mother, Mary Hannah Impey.  She sold it for the nominal sum of a halfpenny (to cover postage) to aid circulation, bearing the main production costs herself.

While Anti-Caste had only 300 subscribers (mainly within the Society of Friends) it had a circulation of 1900 copies each month, as many subscribers would distribute free copies of the journal amongst their associates. For instance, 500 copies were distributed amongst the YMCA in the USA and 100 copies taken by a Reverend Foster in South Carolina.

In the first issue of Anti-Caste, Impey declared that it should be a platform for black writers to “present their case before white races”. Its moral stance was one of racial equality, not protective philanthropy, as the change of masthead wording after 18 months seems to suggest (from “Devoted to the interests of coloured races” to “Advocates the brotherhood of mankind irrespective of colour or descent”).

Impey became interested in the topic of race relations and racism in the USA after visiting the country several times in the 1870s. She was friends with several prominent African American campaigners, most notably Frederick Douglass.

Article, ‘Sketch of the Life of Frederick Douglass’, Anti-Caste, April-May 1895.
(click on image to enlarge)

The most controversial issue of Anti-Caste was that of January 1893 (volume VI, no. 1), which included on its cover a photograph of a lynched African American man with children posing beside his body.

Catherine Impey arranged for Ida B. Wells (who had been introduced to her by Frederick Douglass) to go on a lecture tour of Britain in 1893 on the issue of lynching. This tour led to the formation of two societies – the British Anti-Lynching Society and the Society for the Recognition of the Brotherhood of Man.

Anti-Caste also covered questions of racism within the British Empire, particularly India. An example of this is the May 1890 issue, where Impey denounced the conditions for workers on Assam tea estates.

Article, ‘A Blot on the Modern Administration of India’, Anti-Caste, May 1890.
(click on images to enlarge)

When a controversy arose over the British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury referring to Indians as “black men”, Impey used the January 1889 issue of Anti-Caste to condemn the racist philosophy underpinning British Imperialism.

Article concerning British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury’s speech, Anti-Caste, January 1889.
(click on image to enlarge)

Sadly, apart from Anti-Caste, little survives of Catherine Impey’s writing. Much of what we know about her comes from Ida B. Wells’ autobiography Crusade for justice and from Anti-Caste itself.

We know that as well as anti-racism, Impey was interested in temperance, anti-militarism and animal rights (she was a committed vegetarian). She also wrote an article for the Street Village Album in 1887 arguing for women’s right to vote.

Catherine Impey died in 1923. Her obituary in the Quaker newspaper The Friend mentioned her work against racism, but focused more on her interest in temperance. Her pioneering work was all but forgotten. Today there is growing recognition and interest in Catherine Impey and her periodical Anti-Caste.

References / Further reading

Bressey, Caroline. “Catherine Impey and the Anti-Caste movement: part 1”. BASA Newsletter, no. 52 (2008), p.12-15.

Ware, Vron. Beyond the pale: white women, racism and history. London: Verso, 1992.

UCL Equiano Centre. Anti-Caste gallery [website]. Accessed 1 September 2012.